Purpose: Improve the shape, colour, and alignment of teeth.

Risks & Considerations: Veneer treatment generally involves the removal of a thin layer of enamel, which does not grow back. Some patients may experience sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure either temporarily or for longer periods. Veneers are designed to be durable, but they can still chip, crack, or loosen over time, particularly in people who grind their teeth or place heavy force on them.

• Colour selection is carried out to achieve a natural appearance, but results may not always match expectations exactly.
• Gums can become inflamed if cleaning is not maintained or if veneers do not sit properly.
• Veneers are not permanent and may require replacement due to normal wear, accidental damage, or changes in the surrounding teeth or gum tissue.
• A patient’s bite may also feel different after treatment, sometimes needing minor adjustments.
• In rare cases, people may react to dental materials or anaesthetic.

Treatment time is usually spread over 2 to 6 visits depending on complexity. Most people return to daily routines quickly, though some may need a short recovery period. Healing varies, but most settle within about two weeks. Long-term maintenance is essential, and your dentist will provide a plan which may involve additional costs.

Purpose: Restore and protect damaged or heavily filled teeth while improving aesthetics.

Risks & Considerations: Crown placement generally involves reducing the entire surface of a tooth, which is permanent. This may cause the following:

• Temporary or longer-term sensitivity.
• While crowns are strong, they can still chip, fracture, or come loose, especially in patients who grind their teeth.
• Colour is matched carefully, but final results may not meet expectations exactly.
• Gum irritation may develop if cleaning is inadequate or if a crown does not fit properly.
• Crowns are not lifelong solutions and may need replacement due to wear, breakage, or changes in adjacent teeth and gums.

The procedure usually takes two visits. Most patients resume daily activities quickly, though some may require short rest periods. Teeth that need crowns are often already weakened, and there is a possibility that root canal treatment may be required later. Research indicates that a proportion of crowned teeth may eventually need further treatment. Ongoing check-ups and care are important, and additional costs may occur.

Purpose:Reduce excessive gum display when smiling.

Risks & Considerations:  A “gummy smile” describes a smile where more gum tissue than usual is visible above the teeth. Treatment options may include minor gum reshaping with laser technology or the use of injectables to relax the upper lip muscles and reduce gum display. These procedures are considered cosmetic in nature and are not suitable for everyone.

• Laser gum Contouring:  Involves carefully removing small amounts of gum tissue to change the gum-to-tooth ratio. Possible risks include post-treatment swelling, discomfort, uneven healing, or gum sensitivity. As with all dental procedures, results vary between individuals and additional treatment may be required to achieve or maintain the desired effect.

• Injectable treatments:  These aim to temporarily relax the muscles that lift the upper lip. Side effects can include: bruising, swelling, asymmetry, or reduced movement of the lip. These effects are generally temporary, but repeat treatments are usually needed to maintain results. Injectable treatments are not recommended during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or for people with certain medical conditions.

Suitability for gummy smile treatment depends on the cause of gum display, which may relate to gum tissue, tooth position, or jaw structure. During your consultation, Dr. Rammo will assess your oral health, explain the available options, and discuss the risks, benefits, and alternatives so you can make an informed decision.

Purpose: Straighten teeth discreetly using removable trays (clear aligners)

Risks & Considerations: Clear aligner therapy can cause the following:

• Some temporary discomfort as teeth shift position, including tenderness of the gums, cheeks, or lips.
• Speech changes such as a mild lisp may occur initially, but often improve within a week or two.
• Most people continue their usual diet, but good oral hygiene is essential. If aligners are worn without adequate brushing and flossing, there is a risk of decay, gum disease, or permanent white marks on teeth.
• Small spaces called “black triangles” may appear if gums do not completely fill between teeth that were previously crowded.

Treatment success depends heavily on wearing the aligners for the recommended daily time and attending scheduled reviews. If aligners are not worn consistently, treatment may take longer or be less effective. In more complex cases, additional steps such as attachments, elastics, or minor tooth reshaping may be required.

Following active treatment, retainers are generally needed long-term to reduce the risk of teeth moving back. The length of treatment depends on individual needs and response. Dr. Rammo will outline a personalised plan, and there may be further costs beyond the initial treatment.

Purpose: Repair teeth too damaged for a filling. teeth.

Risks & Considerations: Inlays and onlays are dental restorations used to repair teeth that are too damaged for a filling but do not require a full crown. An inlay fits within the grooves of a tooth, while an onlay covers one or more of the cusps. They are usually made from materials such as porcelain, ceramic, or composite resin and are bonded securely to the tooth surface.

Because they are fabricated outside the mouth and then fitted, inlays and onlays can provide a strong and precise restoration. However, like all dental work, they are not permanent and may eventually require replacement due to wear, fracture, or changes in the surrounding tooth structure.

• Possible risks include tooth sensitivity, particularly if a large area of enamel or dentine has been affected.
• In some cases, teeth that require inlays or onlays may already be weakened, and further treatment such as root canal therapy may be needed in the future.
• As with all bonded restorations, there is a risk of dislodgement or fracture under heavy biting forces.

Treatment usually involves two visits: one to prepare the tooth and take impressions, and another to fit the restoration. Most patients return to daily activities quickly, though some may experience mild discomfort or sensitivity that settles over time. Good oral hygiene and regular dental reviews are important to help prolong the life of inlays and onlays. Additional maintenance costs may apply.

Purpose: Improve the appearance of uneven, chipped or irregularly shaped teeth.

Risks & Considerations: Tooth recontouring, sometimes called reshaping, is a conservative cosmetic treatment where small amounts of enamel are carefully smoothed or adjusted to improve the appearance of uneven, slightly chipped, or irregularly shaped teeth. The procedure can help create better alignment with surrounding teeth or reduce minor overlaps.

Because the process involves removing enamel, which does not regenerate, only limited adjustments can be made. The treatment is generally best suited for minor cosmetic concerns rather than significant changes. It may be combined with other treatments such as bonding or whitening as part of a personalised plan.

• Possible risks include increased tooth sensitivity, particularly if a large amount of enamel is removed, and changes to bite if too much reshaping is carried out.
• In rare cases, discomfort may occur if the underlying tooth structure is affected.
• Not all patients are suitable candidates, and suitability depends on the thickness of enamel and overall dental health.

Treatment is usually completed in a single visit, and most patients can return to their usual activities immediately. Dr. Rammo will discuss the benefits, potential risks, and alternative treatment options before you decide if tooth recontouring is appropriate for you.

Purpose: Improve the appearance of chipped, uneven or discoloured teeth.

Risks & Considerations: Dental bonding is a cosmetic procedure that uses a tooth-coloured resin to improve the appearance of teeth affected by chips, gaps, discolouration, or uneven shapes. The resin is applied directly to the tooth surface and then shaped, hardened, and polished to blend with the surrounding teeth. Bonding is generally less invasive than veneers or crowns, as little or no enamel removal is required. However, the material is not as strong as porcelain and may be more prone to chipping, staining, or wearing down over time. In some cases, the bonded areas may need repair or replacement.

• Possible risks include temporary tooth sensitivity after treatment and gum irritation around the treated area.
• The bonding material may discolour more quickly than natural enamel, particularly with frequent consumption of tea, coffee, red wine, or tobacco.
• Patients who grind their teeth or place heavy biting forces on their teeth may also find bonding less durable.

Treatment can often be completed in a single visit, depending on the number of teeth involved. Recovery is usually straightforward, and most patients can continue daily activities immediately. Suitability depends on individual oral health, and your dentist will explain the benefits, risks, and alternatives to help you make an informed decision.

Purpose: Replace missing teeth with a titanium post and dental crown for improved function and aesthetics. Whereas, All-on-4 (or 6) is full arch tooth replacement using four (or six) strategically placed implants

Risks & Considerations: Dental implants can be used to replace single or multiple missing teeth, while All-on implants support a full arch of replacement teeth on 4–6 implants. Careful planning and digital imaging can help guide placement, but all surgical procedures carry risks. Before implant surgery, habits such as smoking may need to be stopped for a period to support healing.  Sometimes bone grafts or sinus lifts are required to provide enough bone for secure implant placement, and each of these procedures carries additional considerations.

• In the upper jaw, implants may be placed close to the sinus, and complications such as sinus involvement or reduced bone support can occur.
• In the lower jaw, implants may be near nerves that affect sensation to the lips, chin, or tongue. In rare cases, temporary or permanent changes in sensation may occur.
• Implants may occasionally fail to integrate with bone and need to be removed and replaced. Regular reviews every 4–6 months are important to detect and manage problems early.
• After surgery, it is common to experience swelling, bruising, or mild bleeding for several days. Pain may last 1–2 weeks and can usually be managed with medication.
• Patients are generally advised to avoid strenuous activity for at least 48 hours and limit exercise for about 10 days.
• Smoking increases the chance of implant failure and infection.
• Recovery often involves eating soft foods and, in some cases, arranging time off work or home support. Anaesthetic risks will be explained prior to surgery.
• Healing varies, but most people recover within two weeks.
• Long-term professional maintenance is necessary, and additional costs may apply.

Purpose: Lighten tooth colour for a brighter smile.

Risks & Considerations:  Teeth whitening is generally safe under professional supervision, though some side effects may occur. At Dr. Rammo’s clinic, two options are available (In-office and take home trays)

In-Office Whitening (ZOOM!):  This procedure is completed in a single visit of around two hours.

• A professional clean is recommended beforehand to improve results.
• During treatment, the gums are shielded with a protective barrier so the whitening gel does not touch soft tissues.
• Even with these steps, temporary tooth sensitivity is the most common side effect, particularly in people with gum recession, worn enamel, or exposed dentine.
• Some patients report short, sharp sensitivity episodes (“zingers”) for up to 24 hours. Anti-inflammatory medication can help manage this.
• Whitening may also temporarily highlight natural white spots due to enamel dehydration, but these usually settle within 24 hours.
• Whitening is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

The degree of whitening differs for each individual, and restorations such as crowns, veneers, or fillings will not change colour. Results are not permanent and depend on diet, oral hygiene, and lifestyle factors. Avoiding staining foods and drinks for at least a week after whitening can help maintain results.

Home Whitening Trays: Take-home whitening trays are a professional option for gradually brightening the appearance of teeth in the comfort of your own home. Custom trays are made to fit your teeth and are provided with dentist-prescribed whitening gel. Because the trays are tailored to your mouth, the gel remains in place more effectively and helps reduce the chance of gum irritation.

Treatment typically takes 10–14 days, with results developing gradually. The degree of whitening varies between individuals and depends on factors such as natural tooth colour, enamel thickness, and lifestyle habits. Existing restorations such as crowns, veneers, and fillings will not change colour.

• The most common side effect is temporary tooth sensitivity, which usually resolves after treatment.
• Patients with gum recession, enamel wear, or exposed dentine may be at higher risk for sensitivity.
• Good oral hygiene is essential, as whitening does not protect against decay or gum disease.
• Take-home trays are not suitable for everyone. They are generally not recommended for patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or for those with untreated dental conditions.

Dr. Rammo will assess your oral health to confirm whether this type of whitening is appropriate for you, and provide instructions to help reduce risks and maximise safety.